ἀρετή
arete
Excellence, virtue — the full realization of one's nature
Etymology
From the same root as Ares and aristos ("best"). In Homer, arete is warrior excellence — the full expression of what a hero is. In Pindar, it extends to athletic achievement. Plato and Aristotle transform it into moral virtue. The trajectory from physical prowess to ethical character mirrors the interiorization of the soul vocabulary.
Why arete matters
Homeric arete is functional before it is moral: the arete of a knife is sharpness, the arete of a warrior is battlefield effectiveness, and both share the same logical structure — the full actualization of what a thing is for. Werner Jaeger's Paideia traces the long transformation by which this functional excellence becomes the philosophical virtue of Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, a shift from competitive to cooperative values that Adkins's Merit and Responsibility (1960) frames as the central tension in Greek ethical history. The etymological tie to Ares and aristos (best in the martial sense) never fully disappears; even Aristotle's virtuous person must excel, not merely comply. In depth psychological terms, arete maps cleanly onto the realization of the daimon: not goodness imposed from without but the full discharge of one's specific nature.
arete in the corpus
Which characters in Homer use arete most?
Related terms
Distribution by work
Key passages
Showing 30 of 305 passages containing ἀρετή.
κέκλυτέ μευ Τρῶες καὶ Δάρδανοι ἠδʼ ἐπίκουροι· νῦν ἐφάμην νῆάς τʼ ὀλέσας καὶ πάντας Ἀχαιοὺς ἂψ ἀπονοστήσειν προτὶ Ἴλιον ἠνεμόεσσαν· ἀλλὰ πρὶν κνέφας ἦλθε, τὸ νῦν ἐσάωσε μάλιστα Ἀργείους καὶ νῆας ἐπὶ ῥη...
but now to make havoc of the ships and all the Achaeans, and so return back again to windy Ilios; but darkness came on ere that might be, the which above all else hath now saved the Argives and their ...
τίπτε τὰρ ὧδʼ Ἀχιλεὺς ὀλοφύρεται υἷας Ἀχαιῶν, ὅσσοι δὴ βέλεσιν βεβλήαται; οὐδέ τι οἶδε πένθεος, ὅσσον ὄρωρε κατὰ στρατόν· οἳ γὰρ ἄριστοι ἐν νηυσὶν κέαται βεβλημένοι οὐτάμενοί τε. βέβληται μὲν ὃ Τυδεΐδ...
Smitten is the son of Tydeus, mighty Diomedes, wounded with spearthrust is Odysseus, famed for his spear, and Agamemnon, and smitten is Eurypylus too with an arrow in the thigh, and this man beside ha...
Ἰδομενεῦ μὴ κεῖνος ἀνὴρ ἔτι νοστήσειεν ἐκ Τροίης, ἀλλʼ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, ὅς τις ἐπʼ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαι. ἀλλʼ ἄγε τεύχεα δεῦρο λαβὼν ἴθι· ταῦτα δʼ ἅμα χρὴ σπεύδειν, αἴ κʼ ὄφελό...
Up then, take thine harness and get thee forth: herein beseems it that we play the man together, in hope there may be help in us, though we be but two. Prowess comes from fellowship even of right sorr...
ἐγγὺς ἀνήρ· οὐ δηθὰ ματεύσομεν· αἴ κʼ ἐθέλητε πείθεσθαι, καὶ μή τι κότῳ ἀγάσησθε ἕκαστος οὕνεκα δὴ γενεῆφι νεώτατός εἰμι μεθʼ ὑμῖν· πατρὸς δʼ ἐξ ἀγαθοῦ καὶ ἐγὼ γένος εὔχομαι εἶναι Τυδέος, ὃν Θήβῃσι χυ...
Near by is that man; not long shall we seek him, if so be ye are minded to give ear, and be no wise vexed and wroth, each one of you, for that in years I am the youngest among you. Nay, but of a goodl...
Πηλεΐδη μὴ δὴ ἐπέεσσί με νηπύτιον ὣς ἔλπεο δειδίξεσθαι, ἐπεὶ σάφα οἶδα καὶ αὐτὸς ἠμὲν κερτομίας ἠδʼ αἴσυλα μυθήσασθαι. ἴδμεν δʼ ἀλλήλων γενεήν, ἴδμεν δὲ τοκῆας πρόκλυτʼ ἀκούοντες ἔπεα θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων·...
Son of Peleus, think not with words to afright me, as I were a child, seeing I know well of myself to utter taunts and withal speech that is seemly. We know each other's lineage, and each other's pare...
Ἀτρεΐδη τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ ἱππῆας τάδʼ ἄεθλα δεδεγμένα κεῖτʼ ἐν ἀγῶνι. εἰ μὲν νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν Ἀχαιοὶ ἦ τʼ ἂν ἐγὼ τὰ πρῶτα λαβὼν κλισίην δὲ φεροίμην. ἴστε γὰρ ὅσσον ἐμοὶ ἀρετῇ περι...
surely it were I that should win the first prize, and bear it to my hut; for ye know how far my horses twain surpass in excellence, seeing they are immortal, and it was Poseidon that gave them to my f...
Ἀντίλοχε πρόσθεν πεπνυμένε ποῖον ἔρεξας. ᾔσχυνας μὲν ἐμὴν ἀρετήν, βλάψας δέ μοι ἵππους τοὺς σοὺς πρόσθε βαλών, οἵ τοι πολὺ χείρονες ἦσαν. ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ Ἀργείων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες ἐς μέσον ἀμφοτέροισι ...
Antilochus, thou that aforetime wast wise, what a thing hast thou wrought! Thou hast put my skill to shame and hast thwarted my horses, thrusting to the front thine own that were worser far. Come now,...
πλείοσί μʼ ἐν δεσμοῖσι δέον μᾶλλόν τε πίεζον. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ τάς γε παρήλασαν, οὐδʼ ἔτʼ ἔπειτα φθογγῆς Σειρήνων ἠκούομεν οὐδέ τʼ ἀοιδῆς, αἶψʼ ἀπὸ κηρὸν ἕλοντο ἐμοὶ ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι, ὅν σφιν ἐπʼ ὠσὶν ἄλε...
wax with which I had anointed their ears and loosed me from my bonds. “But when we had left the island, I presently saw smoke and a great billow, and heard a booming. Then from the hands of my men...
ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔνθεν ἐμῇ ἀρετῇ, βουλῇ τε νόῳ τε, ἐκφύγομεν, καί που τῶνδε μνήσεσθαι ὀίω. νῦν δʼ ἄγεθʼ, ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω, πειθώμεθα πάντες. ὑμεῖς μὲν κώπῃσιν ἁλὸς ῥηγμῖνα βαθεῖαν τύπτετε κληίδεσσιν ἐφήμενοι, α...
and smite with your oars the deep surf of the sea, in the hope that Zeus may grant us to escape and avoid this death. And to thee, steersman, I give this command, and do thou lay it to heart, since th...
ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ πώ τι κακῶν ἀδαήμονές εἰμεν· οὐ μὲν δὴ τόδε μεῖζον ἕπει κακόν, ἢ ὅτε Κύκλωψ εἴλει ἐνὶ σπῆι γλαφυρῷ κρατερῆφι βίηφιν· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔνθεν ἐμῇ ἀρετῇ, βουλῇ τε νόῳ τε, ἐκφ...
penned us in his hollow cave by brutal strength; yet even thence we made our escape through my valor and counsel and wit; these dangers, too, methinks we shall some day remember. But now come, as I bi...
Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν, πέμπετέ με σπείσαντες ἀπήμονα, χαίρετε δʼ αὐτοί· ἤδη γὰρ τετέλεσται ἅ μοι φίλος ἤθελε θυμός, πομπὴ καὶ φίλα δῶρα, τά μοι θεοὶ Οὐρανίωνες ὄλβια ποιήσειαν· ἀμύμον...
For now all that my heart desired has been brought to pass: a convoy, and gifts of friendship. May the gods of heaven bless them to me, and on my return may I find in my home my peerless wife with tho...
ξεῖνʼ, οὕτω γάρ κέν μοι ἐϋκλείη τʼ ἀρετή τε εἴη ἐπʼ ἀνθρώπους ἅμα τʼ αὐτίκα καὶ μετέπειτα, ὅς σʼ ἐπεὶ ἐς κλισίην ἄγαγον καὶ ξείνια δῶκα, αὖτις δὲ κτείναιμι φίλον τʼ ἀπὸ θυμὸν ἑλοίμην· πρόφρων κεν δὴ ἔ...
should then slay thee, and take away thy dear life. With a ready heart thereafter should I pray to Zeus, son of Cronos. But it is now time for supper, and may my comrades soon be here, that we may mak...
καὶ λίην ἀνδρός γε κύων ὅδε τῆλε θανόντος. εἰ τοιόσδʼ εἴη ἠμὲν δέμας ἠδὲ καὶ ἔργα, οἷόν μιν Τροίηνδε κιὼν κατέλειπεν Ὀδυσσεύς, αἶψά κε θηήσαιο ἰδὼν ταχυτῆτα καὶ ἀλκήν. οὐ μὲν γάρ τι φύγεσκε βαθείης βέ...
thou wouldest soon be amazed at seeing his speed and his strength. No creature that he started in the depths of the thick wood could escape him, and in tracking too he was keen of scent. But now he is...
Εὐρύμαχʼ, ἦ τοι ἐμὴν ἀρετὴν εἶδός τε δέμας τε ὤλεσαν ἀθάνατοι, ὅτε Ἴλιον εἰσανέβαινον Ἀργεῖοι, μετὰ τοῖσι δʼ ἐμὸς πόσις ᾖεν Ὀδυσσεύς. εἰ κεῖνός γʼ ἐλθὼν τὸν ἐμὸν βίον ἀμφιπολεύοι, μεῖζόν κε κλέος εἴη ...
greater would be my fame and fairer. But now I am in sorrow, so many woes has some god brought upon me. Verily, when he went forth and left his native land, he clasped my right hand by the wrist, and ...
ξεῖνʼ, ἦ τοι μὲν ἐμὴν ἀρετὴν εἶδός τε δέμας τε ὤλεσαν ἀθάνατοι, ὅτε Ἴλιον εἰσανέβαινον Ἀργεῖοι, μετὰ τοῖσι δʼ ἐμὸς πόσις ᾖεν Ὀδυσσεύς εἰ κεῖνός γʼ ἐλθὼν τὸν ἐμὸν βίον ἀμφιπολεύοι, μεῖζον κε κλέος εἴη ...
the immortals destroyed on the day when the Argives embarked for Ilios, and with them went my husband, Odysseus. If he might but come, and watch over this life of mine, greater would be my fame and fa...
ὣς φάθʼ, ὁ δʼ αἶψʼ ἀνέκαιε Μελάνθιος ἀκάματον πῦρ, πὰρ δὲ φέρων δίφρον θῆκεν καὶ κῶας ἐπʼ αὐτοῦ, ἐκ δὲ στέατος ἔνεικε μέγαν τροχὸν ἔνδον ἐόντος· τῷ ῥα νέοι θάλποντες ἐπειρῶντʼ· οὐδʼ ...
string it, for they were far lacking in strength. Now Antinous was still persisting and godlike Eurymachus, leaders of the wooers, who were far the best in valiance; but those other two had gone f...
ἦ ῥα, καὶ οὔ πω πάγχυ δίδου ἑτεραλκέα νίκην, ἀλλʼ ἔτʼ ἄρα σθένεός τε καὶ ἀλκῆς πειρήτιζεν ἠμὲν Ὀδυσσῆος ἠδʼ υἱοῦ κυδαλίμοιο. αὐτὴ δʼ αἰθαλόεντος ἀνὰ μεγάροιο μέλαθρον ἕζετʼ ἀναΐξασα, χελιδόνι εἰκέλη ἄ...
she flew up to the roof-beam of the smoky hall, and sat there in the guise of a swallow to look upon. Now the wooers were urged on by Agelaus, son of Damastor, by Eurynomus, and Amphimedon and Dem...
τίς νύ μοι ἡμέρη ἥδε, θεοὶ φίλοι; ἦ μάλα χαίρω· υἱός θʼ υἱωνός τʼ ἀρετῆς πέρι δῆριν ἔχουσιν.
Verily right glad am I: my son and my son's son are vying with one another in valor.” Then flashing-eyed Athena came near him and said: “Son of Arceisius, far the dearest of all my friends, make a...
Ὥστε ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοὶ καὶ ἐπιπόθητοι χαρὰ καὶ στέφανός μου οὕτως στήκετε ἐν κυρίῳ ἀγαπητοί Εὐοδίαν παρακαλῶ καὶ Συντύχην παρακαλῶ τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν κυρίῳ ναὶ ἐρωτῶ καὶ σέ γνήσιε σύνζυγε συνλαμβάν...
ὑμεῖς δὲ γένος ἐκλεκτόν βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα ἔθνος ἅγιον λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν ὅπως τὰς ἀρετὰς ἐξαγγείλητε τοῦ ἐκ σκότους ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς οἵ ποτε οὐ λαὸς νῦν δὲ λαὸς θεοῦ οἱ ο...
τῆς δʼ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν ἀθάνατοι· μακρὸς δὲ καὶ ὄρθιος οἶμος ἐς αὐτὴν καὶ τρηχὺς τὸ πρῶτον· ἐπὴν δʼ εἰς ἄκρον ἵκηται, ῥηιδίη δὴ ἔπειτα πέλει, χαλεπή περ ἐοῦσα. οὗτος μὲν πανάριστο...
αἰδοίη, βιότου δὲ τεὴν πιμπλῇσι καλιήν· λιμὸς γάρ τοι πάμπαν ἀεργῷ σύμφορος ἀνδρί. τῷ δὲ θεοὶ νεμεσῶσι καὶ ἀνέρες, ὅς κεν ἀεργὸς ζώῃ, κηφήνεσσι κοθούροις εἴκελος ὀργήν, οἵ τε μελισσάων κάματον τρύχουσ...
Ἡρακλέα, Διὸς υἱόν, ἀείσομαι, ὃν μέγʼ ἄριστον γείνατʼ ἐπιχθονίων Θήβῃς ἔνι καλλιχόροισιν Ἀλκμήνη μιχθεῖσα κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι· ὃς πρὶν μὲν κατὰ γαῖαν ἀθέσφατον ἠδὲ θάλασσαν πλαζόμενος πομπῇσιν ὕπʼ Εὐρ...
Ἥφαιστον κλυτόμητιν ἀείσεο, Μοῦσα λίγεια, ὃς μετʼ Ἀθηναίης γλαυκώπιδος ἀγλαὰ ἔργα ἀνθρώπους ἐδίδαξεν ἐπὶ χθονός, οἳ τὸ πάρος περ ἄντροις ναιετάασκον ἐν οὔρεσιν, ἠύτε θῆρες. νῦν δὲ διʼ Ἥφαιστον κλυτοτέ...
ὑποκείσεται· τὺ δὲ πρᾶξιν φίλαν δίδοι. ὣς ἔννεπεν· οὐδʼ ἀκράντοις ἐφάψατʼ ὦν ἔπεσι. τὸν μὲν ἀγάλλων θεὸς ἔδωκεν δίφρον τε χρύσεον πτεροῖσίν τʼ ἀκάμαντας ἵππους. ἕλεν δʼ Οἰνομάου βίαν παρθένον τε σύνευ...
γέρας ἔδεκτο, Πυθῶνι δʼ ὁμόκλαρον ἐς ἀδελφεὸν Ἰσθμοῖ τε κοιναὶ Χάριτες ἄνθεα τεθρίππων δυωδεκαδρόμων ἄγαγον. τὸ δὲ τυχεῖν πειρώμενον ἀγωνίας παραλύει δυσφρονᾶν. ὁ μὰν πλοῦτος ἀρεταῖς δεδαιδαλμένος φέρ...
ὑψηλᾶν ἀρετᾶν καὶ στεφάνων ἄωτον γλυκὺν τῶν Οὐλυμπίᾳ, Ὠκεανοῦ θύγατερ, καρδίᾳ γελανεῖ ἀκαμαντόποδός τʼ ἀπήνας δέκευ Ψαύμιός τε δῶρα· ὃς τὰν σὰν πόλιν αὔξων, Καμάρινα, λαοτρόφον βωμοὺς ἓξ διδύμους ἐγέρ...
χρυσέας ὑποστάσαντες εὐτειχεῖ προθύρῳ θαλάμου κίονας, ὡς ὅτε θαητὸν μέγαρον πάξομεν· ἀρχομένου δʼ ἔργου πρόσωπον χρὴ θέμεν τηλαυγές. εἰ δʼ εἴη μὲν Ὀλυμπιονίκας, βωμῷ τε μαντείῳ ταμίας Διὸς ἐν Πίσᾳ, συ...
νυκτὸς ὑπαίθριος. ἀντεφθέγξατο δʼ ἀρτιεπὴς πατρία ὄσσα, μετάλλασέν τέ νιν· ὄρσο, τέκος, δεῦρο πάγκοινον ἐς χώραν ἴμεν φάμας ὄπισθεν. ἵκοντο δʼ ὑψηλοῖο πέτραν ἀλίβατον Κρονίου· ἔνθα οἱ ὤπασε θησαυρὸν ...
ἀνορούσαισʼ ἀλάλαξεν ὑπερμάκει βοᾷ· Οὐρανὸς δʼ ἔφριξέ νιν καὶ Γαῖα μάτηρ. τότε καὶ φαυσίμβροτος δαίμων Ὑπεριονίδας μέλλον ἔντειλεν φυλάξασθαι χρέος παισὶν φίλοις, ὡς ἂν θεᾷ πρῶτοι κτίσαιεν βωμὸν ἐναργ...
Explore arete in the texts
305 passages across Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, and the New Testament contain arete.
We store your email and which pages you save. That's it. Ever.
Seba.Health