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βία

bia

Force, violence, compulsion — power that overrides consent

Etymology

Raw force applied from outside. In Homer, bia is what the strong impose on the weak — the force that damazo (to subdue) actualizes. It is the exterior pressure that tests whether the interior vessel (thumos) can hold.

Why bia matters

Βία sits at the opposite pole from persuasion (πειθώ) in the Greek political and ethical imagination: it is what happens to the body when argument fails or is refused. In Homer the term designates the brute surplus of the strong, what Achilles could exercise at will and what Odysseus survives through cunning. Jean-Pierre Vernant and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, in Myth and Tragedy in Ancient Greece, trace how Greek tragedy turns on precisely this tension — whether bia or nomos, force or law, will govern the community. E.R. Dodds's analysis in The Greeks and the Irrational of the Homeric tendency to experience compulsion as external divine intervention makes bia legible as the psyche's objective correlative of possession: overwhelming force is registered as coming from without because that is what overwhelming force feels like.

bia in the corpus

405 instances
403 passages
48% in direct speech

Which characters in Homer use bia most?

Related terms

Distribution by work

Republic
83
Meditations
75
Nicomachean Ethics
41
Discourses
30
The Iliad
25
Timaeus
23
Phaedo
19
Gorgias
16
The Odyssey
15
Theogony
14
Symposium
11
Rhetoric
11
Phaedrus
9
Shield of Heracles
8
Apology
8
Acts
3
Nemean Odes
3
Meno
3
Works and Days
2
Pythian Odes
2
Hymn to Hermes
1
Olympian Odes
1

Key passages

Showing 30 of 403 passages containing βία.

The Iliad 3.97–110 Menelaus

κέκλυτε νῦν καὶ ἐμεῖο· μάλιστα γὰρ ἄλγος ἱκάνει θυμὸν ἐμόν, φρονέω δὲ διακρινθήμεναι ἤδη Ἀργείους καὶ Τρῶας, ἐπεὶ κακὰ πολλὰ πέπασθε εἵνεκʼ ἐμῆς ἔριδος καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἕνεκʼ ἀρχῆς· ἡμέων δʼ ὁπποτέρῳ θά...

because of my quarrel and Alexander's beginning thereof.1 And for whichsoever of us twain death and fate are appointed, let him lie dead; but be ye others parted with all speed. Bring ye two lambs, a...

The Iliad 5.633–646 Tlepolemus

Σαρπῆδον Λυκίων βουληφόρε, τίς τοι ἀνάγκη πτώσσειν ἐνθάδʼ ἐόντι μάχης ἀδαήμονι φωτί; ψευδόμενοι δέ σέ φασι Διὸς γόνον αἰγιόχοιο εἶναι, ἐπεὶ πολλὸν κείνων ἐπιδεύεαι ἀνδρῶν οἳ Διὸς ἐξεγένοντο ἐπὶ προτέρ...

They speak but a lie that say thou art sprung from Zeus that beareth the aegis, seeing thou art inferior far to those warriors that were sprung from Zeus in the days of men of old. Of other sort, men...

The Iliad 7.124–160 Nestor

ὢ πόποι ἦ μέγα πένθος Ἀχαιΐδα γαῖαν ἱκάνει. ἦ κε μέγʼ οἰμώξειε γέρων ἱππηλάτα Πηλεὺς ἐσθλὸς Μυρμιδόνων βουληφόρος ἠδʼ ἀγορητής, ὅς ποτέ μʼ εἰρόμενος μέγʼ ἐγήθεεν ᾧ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ πάντων Ἀργείων ἐρέων γενεήν...

Verily aloud would old Peleus groan, the driver of chariots, goodly counsellor, and orator of the Myrmidons, who on a time questioned me in his own house, and rejoiced greatly as he asked of the linea...

The Iliad 7.191–199 Aias (son Of Telamon)

ὦ φίλοι ἤτοι κλῆρος ἐμός, χαίρω δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς θυμῷ, ἐπεὶ δοκέω νικησέμεν Ἕκτορα δῖον. ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ ὄφρʼ ἂν ἐγὼ πολεμήϊα τεύχεα δύω, τόφρʼ ὑμεῖς εὔχεσθε Διὶ Κρονίωνι ἄνακτι σιγῇ ἐφʼ ὑμείων ἵνα μὴ Τρῶές γε...

in silence by yourselves, that the Trojans learn naught thereof—nay, or openly, if ye will, since in any case we fear no man. For by force shall no man drive me in flight of his own will and in despi...

The Iliad 7.288–302 Hector

Αἶαν ἐπεί τοι δῶκε θεὸς μέγεθός τε βίην τε καὶ πινυτήν, περὶ δʼ ἔγχει Ἀχαιῶν φέρτατός ἐσσι, νῦν μὲν παυσώμεσθα μάχης καὶ δηϊοτῆτος σήμερον· ὕστερον αὖτε μαχησόμεθʼ εἰς ὅ κε δαίμων ἄμμε διακρίνῃ, δώῃ δ...

let us now cease from battle and strife for this day; hereafter shall we fight again until God judge between us, and give victory to one side or the other. Howbeit night is now upon us, and it is wel...

The Iliad 11.561–575

τύπτουσιν ῥοπάλοισι· βίη δέ τε νηπίη αὐτῶν· σπουδῇ τʼ ἐξήλασσαν, ἐπεί τʼ ἐκορέσσατο φορβῆς· ὣς τότʼ ἔπειτʼ Αἴαντα μέγαν Τελαμώνιον υἱὸν Τρῶες ὑπέρθυμοι πολυηγερέες τʼ ἐπίκουροι νύσσοντες ξυστοῖσι μέσο...

with spears full upon his shield, and ever press upon him. And Aias would now be mindful of his furious valour, and wheeling upon them would hold back the battalions of the horse-taming Trojans, and ...

The Iliad 11.656–803 Nestor

τίπτε τὰρ ὧδʼ Ἀχιλεὺς ὀλοφύρεται υἷας Ἀχαιῶν, ὅσσοι δὴ βέλεσιν βεβλήαται; οὐδέ τι οἶδε πένθεος, ὅσσον ὄρωρε κατὰ στρατόν· οἳ γὰρ ἄριστοι ἐν νηυσὶν κέαται βεβλημένοι οὐτάμενοί τε. βέβληται μὲν ὃ Τυδεΐδ...

Smitten is the son of Tydeus, mighty Diomedes, wounded with spearthrust is Odysseus, famed for his spear, and Agamemnon, and smitten is Eurypylus too with an arrow in the thigh, and this man beside ha...

The Iliad 11.786–789 Menoetius

τέκνον ἐμὸν γενεῇ μὲν ὑπέρτερός ἐστιν Ἀχιλλεύς, πρεσβύτερος δὲ σύ ἐσσι· βίῃ δʼ ὅ γε πολλὸν ἀμείνων. ἀλλʼ εὖ οἱ φάσθαι πυκινὸν ἔπος ἠδʼ ὑποθέσθαι καί οἱ σημαίνειν· ὃ δὲ πείσεται εἰς ἀγαθόν περ.

The Iliad 12.125–139

ὀξέα κεκλήγοντες· ἔφαντο γὰρ οὐκ ἔτʼ Ἀχαιοὺς σχήσεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἐν νηυσὶ μελαίνῃσιν πεσέεσθαι νήπιοι, ἐν δὲ πύλῃσι δύʼ ἀνέρας εὗρον ἀρίστους υἷας ὑπερθύμους Λαπιθάων αἰχμητάων, τὸν μὲν Πειριθόου υἷα κρατε...

for they deemed that they would no more be stayed of the Achaeans, but would fall upon the black ships—fools that they were! for at the gate they found two warriors most valiant, high-hearted sons of...

The Iliad 12.251–265

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἡγήσατο, τοὶ δʼ ἅμʼ ἕποντο ἠχῇ θεσπεσίῃ· ἐπὶ δὲ Ζεὺς τερπικέραυνος ὦρσεν ἀπʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἀνέμοιο θύελλαν, ἥ ῥʼ ἰθὺς νηῶν κονίην φέρεν· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιῶν θέλγε νόον, Τρωσὶν δὲ καὶ Ἕκτορι κῦδ...

first in the earth as buttresses for the wall. These they sought to drag out, and hoped to break the wall of the Achaeans. Howbeit not even now did the Danaans give ground from the path, but closed u...

The Iliad 13.754–768

ἦ ῥα, καὶ ὁρμήθη ὄρεϊ νιφόεντι ἐοικὼς κεκλήγων, διὰ δὲ Τρώων πέτετʼ ἠδʼ ἐπικούρων. οἳ δʼ ἐς Πανθοΐδην ἀγαπήνορα Πουλυδάμαντα πάντες ἐπεσσεύοντʼ, ἐπεὶ Ἕκτορος ἔκλυον αὐδήν. αὐτὰρ ὃ Δηΐφοβόν τε βίην θʼ ...

and with loud shouting sped he through the Trojans and allies. And they hasted one and all toward the kindly Polydamas, son of Panthous when they heard the voice of Hector. But he ranged through the f...

The Iliad 13.775–787 Paris

Ἕκτορ ἐπεί τοι θυμὸς ἀναίτιον αἰτιάασθαι, ἄλλοτε δή ποτε μᾶλλον ἐρωῆσαι πολέμοιο μέλλω, ἐπεὶ οὐδʼ ἐμὲ πάμπαν ἀνάλκιδα γείνατο μήτηρ· ἐξ οὗ γὰρ παρὰ νηυσὶ μάχην ἤγειρας ἑταίρων, ἐκ τοῦ δʼ ἐνθάδʼ ἐόντες...

Hector, seeing it is thy mind to blame one in whom is no blame, at some other time have I haply withdrawn me from war rather than now, for my mother bare not even me wholly a weakling. For from the ti...

The Iliad 15.128–141 Athena

μαινόμενε φρένας ἠλὲ διέφθορας· ἦ νύ τοι αὔτως οὔατʼ ἀκουέμεν ἐστί, νόος δʼ ἀπόλωλε καὶ αἰδώς. οὐκ ἀΐεις ἅ τέ φησι θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη ἣ δὴ νῦν πὰρ Ζηνὸς Ὀλυμπίου εἰλήλουθεν; ἦ ἐθέλεις αὐτὸς μὲν ἀναπλή...

Hearest thou not what the goddess, white-armed Hera, saith, she that is but now come from Olympian Zeus? Wouldest thou thyself fulfill the measure of manifold woes, and so return to Olympus despite th...

The Iliad 16.826–829

πολλὰ δέ τʼ ἀσθμαίνοντα λέων ἐδάμασσε βίηφιν· ὣς πολέας πεφνόντα Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμον υἱὸν Ἕκτωρ Πριαμίδης σχεδὸν ἔγχεϊ θυμὸν ἀπηύρα, καί οἱ ἐπευχόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·

The Iliad 17.19–32 Menelaus

Ζεῦ πάτερ οὐ μὲν καλὸν ὑπέρβιον εὐχετάασθαι. οὔτʼ οὖν παρδάλιος τόσσον μένος οὔτε λέοντος οὔτε συὸς κάπρου ὀλοόφρονος, οὗ τε μέγιστος θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι περὶ σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνει, ὅσσον Πάνθου υἷες ἐϋμμε...

Verily neither is the spirit of pard so high, nor of lion, nor of wild boar, of baneful mind, in whose breast the greatest fury exulteth exceedingly in might, as is the spirit of Panthous' sons, of th...

The Iliad 17.567–581

ὣς φάτο, γήθησεν δὲ θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη, ὅττί ῥά οἱ πάμπρωτα θεῶν ἠρήσατο πάντων. ἐν δὲ βίην ὤμοισι καὶ ἐν γούνεσσιν ἔθηκε, καί οἱ μυίης θάρσος ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἐνῆκεν, ἥ τε καὶ ἐργομένη μάλα περ χροὸς ἀ...

and in his breast set the daring of the fly, that though it be driven away never so often from the skin of a man, ever persisteth in biting, and sweet to it is the blood of man; even with such daring ...

The Iliad 18.98–126 Achilles

αὐτίκα τεθναίην, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἄρʼ ἔμελλον ἑταίρῳ κτεινομένῳ ἐπαμῦναι· ὃ μὲν μάλα τηλόθι πάτρης ἔφθιτʼ, ἐμεῖο δὲ δῆσεν ἀρῆς ἀλκτῆρα γενέσθαι. νῦν δʼ ἐπεὶ οὐ νέομαί γε φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν, οὐδέ τι Πατρόκ...

hath he fallen, and had need of me to be a warder off of ruin. Now therefore, seeing I return not to my dear native land, neither proved anywise a light of deliverance to Patroclus nor to my other com...

The Iliad 20.293–308 Poseidon

ὢ πόποι ἦ μοι ἄχος μεγαλήτορος Αἰνείαο, ὃς τάχα Πηλεΐωνι δαμεὶς Ἄϊδος δὲ κάτεισι πειθόμενος μύθοισιν Ἀπόλλωνος ἑκάτοιο νήπιος, οὐδέ τί οἱ χραισμήσει λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον. ἀλλὰ τί ἢ νῦν οὗτος ἀναίτιος ἄλγεα ...

slain by the son of Peleus, for that he listened to the bidding of Apollo that smiteth afar—fool that he was! nor will the god in any wise ward from him woeful destruction. But wherefore should he, a ...

The Iliad 21.308–323 Scamander

φίλε κασίγνητε σθένος ἀνέρος ἀμφότεροί περ σχῶμεν, ἐπεὶ τάχα ἄστυ μέγα Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος ἐκπέρσει, Τρῶες δὲ κατὰ μόθον οὐ μενέουσιν. ἀλλʼ ἐπάμυνε τάχιστα, καὶ ἐμπίπληθι ῥέεθρα ὕδατος ἐκ πηγέων, πάντας ...

neither will the Trojans abide him in battle. Nay, bear thou aid with speed, and fill thy streams with water from thy springs, and arouse all thy torrents; raise thou a great wave, and stir thou a mig...

The Iliad 21.361–368

φῆ πυρὶ καιόμενος, ἀνὰ δʼ ἔφλυε καλὰ ῥέεθρα. ὡς δὲ λέβης ζεῖ ἔνδον ἐπειγόμενος πυρὶ πολλῷ κνίσην μελδόμενος ἁπαλοτρεφέος σιάλοιο πάντοθεν ἀμβολάδην, ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα κάγκανα κεῖται, ὣς τοῦ καλὰ ῥέεθρα πυρὶ...

so burned in fire his fair streams, and the water boiled; nor had he any mind to flow further onward, but was stayed; for the blast of the might of wise-hearted Hephaestus distressed him. Then with in...

The Iliad 22.99–130 Hector

ὤ μοι ἐγών, εἰ μέν κε πύλας καὶ τείχεα δύω, Πουλυδάμας μοι πρῶτος ἐλεγχείην ἀναθήσει, ὅς μʼ ἐκέλευε Τρωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι νύχθʼ ὕπο τήνδʼ ὀλοὴν ὅτε τʼ ὤρετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. ἀλλʼ ἐγὼ οὐ πιθόμην· ἦ...

Polydamas will be the first to put reproach upon me, for that he bade me lead the Trojans to the city during this fatal night, when goodly Achilles arose. Howbeit I hearkened not—verily it had been be...

The Iliad 22.107 Trojan Man Or Woman

Ἕκτωρ ἧφι βίηφι πιθήσας ὤλεσε λαόν.

The Iliad 23.306–348 Nestor

Ἀντίλοχʼ ἤτοι μέν σε νέον περ ἐόντʼ ἐφίλησαν Ζεύς τε Ποσειδάων τε, καὶ ἱπποσύνας ἐδίδαξαν παντοίας· τὼ καί σε διδασκέμεν οὔ τι μάλα χρεώ· οἶσθα γὰρ εὖ περὶ τέρμαθʼ ἑλισσέμεν· ἀλλά τοι ἵπποι βάρδιστοι ...

By cunning, thou knowest, is a woodman far better than by might; by cunning too doth a helmsman on the wine-dark deep guide aright a swift ship that is buffeted by winds; and by cunning doth chariotee...

The Iliad 23.626–650 Nestor

ναὶ δὴ ταῦτά γε πάντα τέκος κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες· οὐ γὰρ ἔτʼ ἔμπεδα γυῖα φίλος πόδες, οὐδέ τι χεῖρες ὤμων ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἐπαΐσσονται ἐλαφραί. εἴθʼ ὣς ἡβώοιμι βίη τέ μοι ἔμπεδος εἴη ὡς ὁπότε κρείοντʼ Ἀμαρυγ...

as on the day when the Epeians were burying lord Amarynceus at Buprasium, and his sons appointed prizes in honour of the king. Then was there no man that proved himself my peer, neither of the Epeians...

The Iliad 23.859–873

ὣς ἔφατʼ, ὦρτο δʼ ἔπειτα βίη Τεύκροιο ἄνακτος, ἂν δʼ ἄρα Μηριόνης θεράπων ἐῢς Ἰδομενῆος. κλήρους δʼ ἐν κυνέῃ χαλκήρεϊ πάλλον ἑλόντες, Τεῦκρος δὲ πρῶτος κλήρῳ λάχεν· αὐτίκα δʼ ἰὸν ἧκεν ἐπικρατέως, οὐδʼ...

and Meriones the valiant squire of Idomeneus. Then took they the lots and shook them in a helmet of bronze, and Teucer drew by lot the first place. Forthwith he let fly an arrow with might, howbeit he...

The Odyssey 1.400–411 Eurymachus

Τηλέμαχʼ, ἦ τοι ταῦτα θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται, ὅς τις ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ βασιλεύσει Ἀχαιῶν· κτήματα δʼ αὐτὸς ἔχοις καὶ δώμασιν οἷσιν ἀνάσσοις. μὴ γὰρ ὅ γʼ ἔλθοι ἀνὴρ ὅς τίς σʼ ἀέκοντα βίηφιν κτήματʼ ἀπορ...

“Telemachus, this matter verily lies on the knees of the gods, who of the Achaeans shall be king in sea-girt Ithaca; but as for thy possessions, thou mayest keep them thyself, and be lord in thine own...

The Odyssey 3.211–224 Nestor

ὦ φίλʼ, ἐπεὶ δὴ ταῦτά μʼ ἀνέμνησας καὶ ἔειπες, φασὶ μνηστῆρας σῆς μητέρος εἵνεκα πολλοὺς ἐν μεγάροις ἀέκητι σέθεν κακὰ μηχανάασθαι· εἰπέ μοι, ἠὲ ἑκὼν ὑποδάμνασαι, ἦ σέ γε λαοὶ ἐχθαίρουσʼ ἀνὰ δῆμον, ἐπ...

throughout the land hate thee, following the voice of a god? Who knows but Odysseus may some day come and take vengeance on them for their violent deeds,—he alone, it may be, or even all the host of t...

The Odyssey 4.663–672 Antinous

ὢ πόποι, ἦ μέγα ἔργον ὑπερφιάλως ἐτελέσθη Τηλεμάχῳ ὁδὸς ἥδε· φάμεν δέ οἱ οὐ τελέεσθαι. ἐκ τοσσῶνδʼ ἀέκητι νέος πάϊς οἴχεται αὔτως νῆα ἐρυσσάμενος, κρίνας τʼ ἀνὰ δῆμον ἀρίστους. ἄρξει καὶ προτέρω κακὸν...

Forth in despite of all of us here the lad is gone without more ado, launching a ship, and choosing the best men in the land. He will begin by and by to be our bane; but to his own undoing may Zeus de...

The Odyssey 11.106–120

ὁππότε κε πρῶτον πελάσῃς ἐυεργέα νῆα Θρινακίῃ νήσῳ, προφυγὼν ἰοειδέα πόντον, βοσκομένας δʼ εὕρητε βόας καὶ ἴφια μῆλα Ἠελίου, ὃς πάντʼ ἐφορᾷ καὶ πάντʼ ἐπακούει. τὰς εἰ μέν κʼ ἀσινέας ἐάᾳς νόστου τε μέδ...

If thou leavest these unharmed and heedest thy homeward way, verily ye may yet reach Ithaca, though in evil plight. But if thou harmest them, then I foresee ruin for thy ship and thy comrades, and eve...

The Odyssey 11.589–603

ὄγχναι καὶ ῥοιαὶ καὶ μηλέαι ἀγλαόκαρποι συκέαι τε γλυκεραὶ καὶ ἐλαῖαι τηλεθόωσαι· τῶν ὁπότʼ ἰθύσειʼ ὁ γέρων ἐπὶ χερσὶ μάσασθαι, τὰς δʼ ἄνεμος ῥίπτασκε ποτὶ νέφεα σκιόεντα. καὶ μὴν Σίσυφον εἰσεῖδον κρα...

and sweet figs, and luxuriant olives. But as often as that old man would reach out toward these, to clutch them with his hands, the wind would toss them to the shadowy clouds. “Aye, and I saw Sisy...

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Explore bia in the texts

403 passages across Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, and the New Testament contain bia.

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