πάσχω
pascho
To undergo, to have something done to one — the patientive position
Etymology
From PIE *kwenth- ("to suffer"). Places the subject in the patientive position — receiver of suffering, not agent. The linguistic root of "passion," "passive," "patient," and "pathos."
Why pascho matters
Of 119 instances in Homer, 114 describe mortals. The 5 divine exceptions are all grammatically fenced off — counterfactual mood (κε/ἄν particles) or bounded by contract (Il. 21.441: Poseidon and Apollo's one-year wage labor). The grammar itself enforces the ontological boundary: gods cannot occupy the patientive position in the indicative mood.
Grammar as evidence
Divine pascho is confined to counterfactual constructions (ἂν πάθον, "I would have suffered"). The sole divine indicative aorist (Il. 21.441, ἐπάθομεν) is immediately bounded by "one year" and "fixed wage." Suffering for gods is economic, not ontological.
Who experiences pascho?
Distribution across mortal and divine subjects in Homer.
96% mortal (114 of 119 instances) — the 5 divine instances are grammatically bounded
pascho in the corpus
Grammatical voice
When pascho appears in the middle voice, the subject acts upon or for itself — the grammatical home of interiority.
Which characters in Homer use pascho most?
Related terms
Distribution by work
Key passages
Showing 30 of 363 passages containing πάσχω.
υἱέες υἱωνοί τε βίης Ἡρακληείης. αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ἐς Ῥόδον ἷξεν ἀλώμενος ἄλγεα πάσχων· τριχθὰ δὲ ᾤκηθεν καταφυλαδόν, ἠδὲ φίληθεν ἐκ Διός, ὅς τε θεοῖσι καὶ ἀνθρώποισιν ἀνάσσει, καί σφιν θεσπέσιον πλοῦτον κατ...
and upon them was wondrous wealth poured by the son of Cronos. Moreover Nireus led three shapely ships from Syme, Nireus that was son of Aglaïa and Charops the king, Nireus the comeliest man that came...
οἳ δὲ Φερὰς ἐνέμοντο παραὶ Βοιβηΐδα λίμνην Βοίβην καὶ Γλαφύρας καὶ ἐϋκτιμένην Ἰαωλκόν, τῶν ἦρχʼ Ἀδμήτοιο φίλος πάϊς ἕνδεκα νηῶν Εὔμηλος, τὸν ὑπʼ Ἀδμήτῳ τέκε δῖα γυναικῶν Ἄλκηστις Πελίαο θυγατρῶν εἶδος...
even she, the comeliest of the daughters of Pelias. And they that dwelt in Methone and Thaumacia, and that held Meliboea and rugged Olizon, these with their seven ships were led by Philoctetes, well-s...
σείων ἐγχείην· τοῦ δʼ ὄτρυνεν μένος Ἄρης, τὰ φρονέων ἵνα χερσὶν ὑπʼ Αἰνείαο δαμείη. τὸν δʼ ἴδεν Ἀντίλοχος μεγαθύμου Νέστορος υἱός, βῆ δὲ διὰ προμάχων· περὶ γὰρ δίε ποιμένι λαῶν μή τι πάθοι, μέγα δέ σφ...
But Antilochus, son of great-souled Nestor, beheld him, and strode through the foremost fighters; for greatly did he fear for the shepherd of the host, lest aught befall him, and he utterly thwart the...
μή τί μοι ἀλλοπρόσαλλε παρεζόμενος μινύριζε. ἔχθιστος δέ μοί ἐσσι θεῶν οἳ Ὄλυμπον ἔχουσιν· αἰεὶ γάρ τοι ἔρις τε φίλη πόλεμοί τε μάχαι τε. μητρός τοι μένος ἐστὶν ἀάσχετον οὐκ ἐπιεικτὸν Ἥρης· τὴν μὲν ἐγ...
Most hateful to me art thou of all gods that hold Olympus, for ever is strife dear to thee and wars and fightings. Thou hast the unbearable, unyielding spirit of thy mother, even of Hera; her can I s...
διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ χρὴ μὲν δὴ τὸν μῦθον ἀπηλεγέως ἀποειπεῖν, ᾗ περ δὴ φρονέω τε καὶ ὡς τετελεσμένον ἔσται, ὡς μή μοι τρύζητε παρήμενοι ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος. ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος ὁμῶς Ἀΐδα...
and as it shall be brought to pass, that ye sit not by me here on this side and on that and prate endlessly. For hateful in my eyes, even as the gates of Hades, is that man that hideth one thing in h...
εἰ μὲν δὴ νόστόν γε μετὰ φρεσὶ φαίδιμʼ Ἀχιλλεῦ βάλλεαι, οὐδέ τι πάμπαν ἀμύνειν νηυσὶ θοῇσι πῦρ ἐθέλεις ἀΐδηλον, ἐπεὶ χόλος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ, πῶς ἂν ἔπειτʼ ἀπὸ σεῖο φίλον τέκος αὖθι λιποίμην οἶος; σοὶ δέ μʼ...
the purpose of returning, neither art minded at all to ward from the swift ships consuming fire, for that wrath hath fallen upon thy heart; how can I then, dear child, be left here without thee, alone...
ὑψόθʼ ἐόντι Διί, μέγα δʼ ἔστενε κυδάλιμον κῆρ. ἥδε δέ οἱ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀρίστη φαίνετο βουλὴ Νέστορʼ ἔπι πρῶτον Νηλήϊον ἐλθέμεν ἀνδρῶν, εἴ τινά οἱ σὺν μῆτιν ἀμύμονα τεκτήναιτο, ἥ τις ἀλεξίκακος πᾶσιν Δανα...
that should be for the warding off of evil from the Danaan host. So he sate him up and did on his tunic about his breast, and beneath his shining feet bound his fair sandals, and thereafter clad him ...
ὦ φίλοι Ἀργείων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες ψεύσομαι, ἦ ἔτυμον ἐρέω; κέλεται δέ με θυμός. ἵππων μʼ ὠκυπόδων ἀμφὶ κτύπος οὔατα βάλλει. αἲ γὰρ δὴ Ὀδυσεύς τε καὶ ὃ κρατερὸς Διομήδης ὧδʼ ἄφαρ ἐκ Τρώων ἐλασαίατο...
The sound of swift-footed horses strikes upon mine ears. I would that Odysseus and the valiant Diomedes may even thus speedily have driven forth from among the Trojans single-hooved horses; but wondr...
Τυδεΐδη τί παθόντε λελάσμεθα θούριδος ἀλκῆς; ἀλλʼ ἄγε δεῦρο πέπον, παρʼ ἔμʼ ἵσταο· δὴ γὰρ ἔλεγχος ἔσσεται εἴ κεν νῆας ἕλῃ κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ.
will it be if Hector of the flashing helm shall take the ships.
Αἶαν διογενὲς Τελαμώνιε κοίρανε λαῶν ἀμφί μʼ Ὀδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος ἵκετʼ ἀϋτὴ τῷ ἰκέλη ὡς εἴ ἑ βιῴατο μοῦνον ἐόντα Τρῶες ἀποτμήξαντες ἐνὶ κρατερῇ ὑσμίνῃ. ἀλλʼ ἴομεν καθʼ ὅμιλον· ἀλεξέμεναι γὰρ ἄμεινον...
Aias, sprung from Zeus, thou son of Telamon, captain of the host, in mine ears rang the cry of Odysseus, of the steadfast heart, like as though the Trojans had cut him off in the fierce conflict and w...
Αἴαντε σφὼ μέν τε σαώσετε λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν ἀλκῆς μνησαμένω, μὴ δὲ κρυεροῖο φόβοιο. ἄλλῃ μὲν γὰρ ἔγωγʼ οὐ δείδια χεῖρας ἀάπτους Τρώων, οἳ μέγα τεῖχος ὑπερκατέβησαν ὁμίλῳ· ἕξουσιν γὰρ πάντας ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιο...
of the Trojans that have climbed over the great wall in their multitude, for the well-greaved Achaeans will hold back all; nay it is here that I have wondrous dread lest some evil befall us, here wher...
ὤ μοι διογενὲς Πατρόκλεες οἷον ἔειπες· οὔτε θεοπροπίης ἐμπάζομαι ἥν τινα οἶδα, οὔτέ τί μοι πὰρ Ζηνὸς ἐπέφραδε πότνια μήτηρ· ἀλλὰ τόδʼ αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει, ὁππότε δὴ τὸν ὁμοῖον ἀνὴρ ἐθέ...
Neither reck I of any oracle, that I wot of, nor has my queenly mother declared to me aught from Zeus; but herein dread grief cometh upon heart and soul, whenso a man is minded to rob one that is his ...
ἠελίου ὀξεῖα, νέφος δʼ οὐ φαίνετο πάσης γαίης οὐδʼ ὀρέων· μεταπαυόμενοι δὲ μάχοντο ἀλλήλων ἀλεείνοντες βέλεα στονόεντα πολλὸν ἀφεσταότες. τοὶ δʼ ἐν μέσῳ ἄλγεʼ ἔπασχον ἠέρι καὶ πολέμῳ, τείροντο δὲ νηλέ...
and standing far apart. But those in the midst suffered woes by reason of the darkness and the war, and were sore distressed with the pitiless bronze, even all they that were chieftains. Howbeit two m...
ἦ ῥά νύ μοι δεινή τε καὶ αἰδοίη θεὸς ἔνδον, ἥ μʼ ἐσάωσʼ ὅτε μʼ ἄλγος ἀφίκετο τῆλε πεσόντα μητρὸς ἐμῆς ἰότητι κυνώπιδος, ἥ μʼ ἐθέλησε κρύψαι χωλὸν ἐόντα· τότʼ ἂν πάθον ἄλγεα θυμῷ, εἰ μή μʼ Εὐρυνόμη τε ...
even she that saved me when pain was come upon me after I had fallen afar through the will of my shameless mother, that was fain to hide me away by reason of my lameness. Then had I suffered woes in h...
ἦ ῥά νύ μοί ποτε καὶ σὺ δυσάμμορε φίλταθʼ ἑταίρων αὐτὸς ἐνὶ κλισίῃ λαρὸν παρὰ δεῖπνον ἔθηκας αἶψα καὶ ὀτραλέως, ὁπότε σπερχοίατʼ Ἀχαιοὶ Τρωσὶν ἐφʼ ἱπποδάμοισι φέρειν πολύδακρυν Ἄρηα. νῦν δὲ σὺ μὲν κεῖ...
Ah verily of old, thou too, O hapless one, dearest of my comrades, thyself wast wont to set forth in our hut with nimble haste a savoury meal, whenso the Achaeans made haste to bring tearful war again...
φράζεσθον δὴ σφῶϊ Ποσείδαον καὶ Ἀθήνη ἐν φρεσὶν ὑμετέρῃσιν, ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα. Αἰνείας ὅδʼ ἔβη κεκορυθμένος αἴθοπι χαλκῷ ἀντία Πηλεΐωνος, ἀνῆκε δὲ Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων. ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ, ἡμεῖς πέρ μιν ἀποτρωπῶ...
Consider within your hearts, ye twain, O Poseidon and Athene, how these things are to be. Lo, here is Aeneas, gone forth, harnessed in flaming bronze, to face the son of Peleus, and it is Phoebus Apol...
ὢ πόποι ἦ μοι ἄχος μεγαλήτορος Αἰνείαο, ὃς τάχα Πηλεΐωνι δαμεὶς Ἄϊδος δὲ κάτεισι πειθόμενος μύθοισιν Ἀπόλλωνος ἑκάτοιο νήπιος, οὐδέ τί οἱ χραισμήσει λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον. ἀλλὰ τί ἢ νῦν οὗτος ἀναίτιος ἄλγεα ...
slain by the son of Peleus, for that he listened to the bidding of Apollo that smiteth afar—fool that he was! nor will the god in any wise ward from him woeful destruction. But wherefore should he, a ...
Ζεῦ πάτερ ὡς οὔ τίς με θεῶν ἐλεεινὸν ὑπέστη ἐκ ποταμοῖο σαῶσαι· ἔπειτα δὲ καί τι πάθοιμι. ἄλλος δʼ οὔ τις μοι τόσον αἴτιος Οὐρανιώνων, ἀλλὰ φίλη μήτηρ, ἥ με ψεύδεσσιν ἔθελγεν· ἥ μʼ ἔφατο Τρώων ὑπὸ τεί...
None other of the heavenly gods do I blame so much, but only my dear mother, that beguiled me with false words, saying that beneath the wall of the mail-clad Trojans I should perish by the swift missi...
τέκνον ἐγὼ δειλή· τί νυ βείομαι αἰνὰ παθοῦσα σεῦ ἀποτεθνηῶτος; ὅ μοι νύκτάς τε καὶ ἦμαρ εὐχωλὴ κατὰ ἄστυ πελέσκεο, πᾶσί τʼ ὄνειαρ Τρωσί τε καὶ Τρῳῇσι κατὰ πτόλιν, οἵ σε θεὸν ὣς δειδέχατʼ· ἦ γὰρ καί σφ...
for verily thou wast to them a glory exceeding great, while yet thou livedst; but now death and fate are come upon thee.
Ἕκτορ ἐγὼ δύστηνος· ἰῇ ἄρα γεινόμεθʼ αἴσῃ ἀμφότεροι, σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ Πριάμου κατὰ δῶμα, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ ἐν δόμῳ Ἠετίωνος, ὅ μʼ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐοῦσαν δύσμορος αἰνόμορον· ὡς μὴ ὤφελλε...
in the house of Eetion, who reared me when I was a babe, hapless father of a cruel-fated child; would God he had never begotten me. Now thou unto the house of Hades beneath the deeps of earth art depa...
Ἀντίλοχε νῦν μέν τοι ἐγὼν ὑποείξομαι αὐτὸς χωόμενος, ἐπεὶ οὔ τι παρήορος οὐδʼ ἀεσίφρων ἦσθα πάρος· νῦν αὖτε νόον νίκησε νεοίη. δεύτερον αὖτʼ ἀλέασθαι ἀμείνονας ἠπεροπεύειν. οὐ γάρ κέν με τάχʼ ἄλλος ἀν...
Another time seek not to outwit thy betters. Verily not soon should another of the Achaeans have persuaded me, but thou hast suffered greatly and toiled greatly, thou and thy brave father and thy brot...
Ἀντίνοʼ, οὔ πως ἔστι δόμων ἀέκουσαν ἀπῶσαι ἥ μʼ ἔτεχʼ, ἥ μʼ ἔθρεψε· πατὴρ δʼ ἐμὸς ἄλλοθι γαίης, ζώει ὅ γʼ ἦ τέθνηκε· κακὸν δέ με πόλλʼ ἀποτίνειν Ἰκαρίῳ, αἴ κʼ αὐτὸς ἑκὼν ἀπὸ μητέρα πέμψω. ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ π...
“Antinous, in no wise may I thrust forth from the house against her will her that bore me and reared me; and, as for my father, he is in some other land, whether he be alive or dead. An evil thing it ...
κέκλυτε δὴ νῦν μευ, Ἰθακήσιοι, ὅττι κεν εἴπω· μνηστῆρσιν δὲ μάλιστα πιφαυσκόμενος τάδε εἴρω· τοῖσιν γὰρ μέγα πῆμα κυλίνδεται· οὐ γὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς δὴν ἀπάνευθε φίλων ὧν ἔσσεται, ἀλλά π...
he is near, and is sowing death and fate for these men, one and all. Aye, and to many others of us also who dwell in clear-seen Ithaca will he be a bane. But long ere that let us take thought how we m...
ὦ φίλʼ, ἐπεί μʼ ἔμνησας ὀιζύος, ἣν ἐν ἐκείνῳ δήμῳ ἀνέτλημεν μένος ἄσχετοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν, ἠμὲν ὅσα ξὺν νηυσὶν ἐπʼ ἠεροειδέα πόντον πλαζόμενοι κατὰ ληίδʼ, ὅπῃ ἄρξειεν Ἀχιλλεύς, ἠδʼ ὅσα καὶ περὶ ἄστυ μέγα ...
all that we endured on shipboard, as we roamed after booty over the misty deep whithersoever Achilles led; and all our fightings around the great city of king Priam;—lo, there all our best were slain....
τέκνα φίλʼ, ἦ τοι Ζηνὶ βροτῶν οὐκ ἄν τις ἐρίζοι· ἀθάνατοι γὰρ τοῦ γε δόμοι καὶ κτήματʼ ἔασιν· ἀνδρῶν δʼ ἤ κέν τίς μοι ἐρίσσεται, ἠὲ καὶ οὐκί, κτήμασιν. ἦ γὰρ πολλὰ παθὼν καὶ πόλλʼ...
but of men another might vie with me in wealth or haply might not. For of a truth after many woes and wide wanderings I brought my wealth home in my ships and came in the eighth year. Over Cyprus and ...
τίπτε, κασιγνήτη, δεῦρʼ ἤλυθες; οὔ τι πάρος γε πωλέʼ, ἐπεὶ μάλα πολλὸν ἀπόπροθι δώματα ναίεις· καί με κέλεαι παύσασθαι ὀιζύος ἠδʼ ὀδυνάων πολλέων, αἵ μʼ ἐρέθουσι κατὰ φρένα καὶ κα...
“Why, sister, art thou come hither? Thou hast not heretofore been wont to come, for thou dwellest in a home far away. And thou biddest me cease from my grief and the many pains that distress me in min...
Ἑρμεία, σὺ γὰρ αὖτε τά τʼ ἄλλα περ ἄγγελός ἐσσι, νύμφῃ ἐυπλοκάμῳ εἰπεῖν νημερτέα βουλήν, νόστον Ὀδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος, ὥς κε νέηται οὔτε θεῶν πομπῇ οὔτε θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων· ἀλλʼ ὅ γʼ ἐπὶ σχεδίης πολυδέσμ...
declare to the fair-tressed nymph our fixed resolve, even the return of Odysseus of the steadfast heart, that he may return with guidance neither of gods nor of mortal men, but that on a stoutly-bound...
πότνα θεά, μή μοι τόδε χώεο· οἶδα καὶ αὐτὸς πάντα μάλʼ, οὕνεκα σεῖο περίφρων Πηνελόπεια εἶδος ἀκιδνοτέρη μέγεθός τʼ εἰσάντα ἰδέσθαι· ἡ μὲν γὰρ βροτός ἐστι, σὺ δʼ ἀθάνατος καὶ ἀγήρως. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὣς ἐθέλω...
“Mighty goddess, be not wroth with me for this. I know full well of myself that wise Penelope is meaner to look upon than thou in comeliness and in stature, for she is a mortal, while thou art immorta...
κάμμορε, τίπτε τοι ὧδε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων ὠδύσατʼ ἐκπάγλως, ὅτι τοι κακὰ πολλὰ φυτεύει; οὐ μὲν δή σε καταφθίσει μάλα περ μενεαίνων. ἀλλὰ μάλʼ ὧδʼ ἔρξαι, δοκέεις δέ μοι οὐκ ἀπινύσσειν· εἵματα ταῦτʼ ἀπ...
has conceived such furious wrath against thee, that he is sowing for thee the seeds of many evils? Yet verily he shall not utterly destroy thee for all his rage. Nay, do thou thus; and methinks thou d...
οὕτω νῦν κακὰ πολλὰ παθὼν ἀλόω κατὰ πόντον, εἰς ὅ κεν ἀνθρώποισι διοτρεφέεσσι μιγήῃς. ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὥς σε ἔολπα ὀνόσσεσθαι κακότητος.
Explore pascho in the texts
363 passages across Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, and the New Testament contain pascho.
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